What is Menopause?

The time in a woman’s life when the ovaries become less responsive to the pituitary glands and the egg-producing cells begin to disappear. The menopause, often called the change of life, or the climacteric, is a rarely for the worse, and for many women it is for the better, because once complete, fears of pregnancy are removed.

The change may begins at any time between the late 30s and late 50s, but for most women the transition occurs during the 40s. The changes are not abrupt and often the gradual lessening of menstrual and ovarian activity lasts for several years.

Less than a quarter of all women going through the menopause have symptoms that are upsetting enough to need medial help. The main symptom for which help is sought is the hot flush, which accounts for 70 percent of visits to the doctor. This is followed by depression (40 percent), sweating (30 percent), abnormal periods (25 percent). Fatigue (20 percent), hair and skin changes (15 percent), and headache (10 percent). There are, for most women, some psychological adjustments to be made and those need to understood.

The implications of the changes may be disturbing to a woman’s self confidence and are often associated with other symptoms of ANXIETY, which are natural, but unfounded. For instance, there is no evidence that woman age more quickly or becomes less attractive after the change. Surveys suggest that in at least 80 percent of women, sexual responsiveness is either increased or remains unchanged. Sexual relations should be continued until the change is complete, you should ask your doctor.

Several other factors may arise at the time in a woman’s life, which are largely coincidental. Her children may be leaving home, making the woman’s life boring and empty. The increasing and frustrating demands of ageing parents may prevent the woman from countering her symptoms through outside interest or a job. The relationship with her husband may be under a strain for other reasons.

Menopause is the cessation of menstruation and usually occurs in women aged 45-55. Symptoms, which include hot flashes, sweats, vaginal dryness, and anxiety, can be especially severe if menstruation stops abruptly, either naturally or following the removal of the ovaries. Candidiasis if the discharge does not clear up within 5 days, see a doctor.

Menstruation see a doctor if there is a sudden, unusual change in menstrual flow or if menstruation stops and does not restart after 2 months. If you might be pregnant, bleed more than usual, or have severe pain, see a doctor.

Menopause if there is prolonged or irregular bleeding, see a doctor.

Smokeless tobacco can help you quit cigarettes, Owensboro-area residents are told (partly with tobacco money)

"Switch and quit" is the theme of an advertising campaign being promoted by a prominent cancer center in Kentucky, in which smokers are advised to lay off the cigarettes in favor of smokeless tobacco such as chew or snuff. "Supporters say smokers who switch are more likely to give up cigarettes than those who use other methods such as nicotine patches, and that smokeless tobacco carries less risk of disease than cigarettes do," The Associated Press reports.

AP reports the program is partly funded with grants from the tobacco industry, though program director Brad Rodu, a University of Louisville professor of medicine, said the industry has "absolutely no influence whatsoever." Smokeless tobacco has been linked to oral cancer.

"We need something that works better than what we have," said Dr. Donald Miller, an oncologist and director of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, which is co-sponsoring the campaign with the university. "This is as reasonable a scientific hypothesis as anybody has come up with and it needs to be tried."

The campaign is being pushed in Owensboro using print, radio, billboard and other advertising. Residents of Owensboro and the surrounding area reportedly consume about 3 million cigarettes a week. "That amounts to well over a pack for every man, woman and child in the community of about 115,000 people," AP reports.

"The worst that you can say about smokeless tobacco is that it's the lesser of two evils," said Dr. Randall Thomas, an oncologist at the Owensboro Medical Health System. "I don't think we have any problem in telling a person that drinks a six-pack a day that if they could cut it back to two beers a day or two drinks a day that their health risks are greatly reduced ... Finding a way to let people have their nicotine that carries less risk, it's the realistic solution."

But there are opponents to the program, including Matthew Myers, president of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, who called it "a giant experiment with the people of Owensboro without rules or guidance designed to protect individuals from experimental medicine." The theme of the program does seem to run counter to warnings by the Centers for Disease Control and the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, whose websites say the use of all varieties of tobacco products "should be strongly discouraged" and that there is "no scientific evidence that using smokeless tobacco can help a person quit."

Owensboro is an old tobacco town, and in the face of falling cigarette sales, tobacco companies are marketing more smokeless tobacco and other cigarette alternatives. (Read more)

Health Care Transparency and Patient Advocacy Conference to be held Nov. 11 in Lexington

Focusing on issues like hospital- and health care-acquired infections, the impact of medical errors and infections on patients, and the importance of transparency, the Health Care Transparency and Patient Advocacy Conference will be held Nov. 11 in Lexington.

Speakers include John Santa, director of the Health Ratings Center for Consumer Reports, who will discuss the principles of transparency; author Maryn McKenna, who will present the history of MRSA; Dr. Keith Sinclair, medical director of Bluegrass Oakwood in Somerset, who will speak of how transparency has nearly eliminated pressure sores at his institution; and Frances Griffin, a faculty member at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, who will present on the IHI global trigger tool.

The gathering is from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. at Embassy Suites in Lexington. Registration is $50 and includes a box lunch. Physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, physical therapists and human resource managers attending the conference will receive 6.5 hours of continuing education credits. To register, click here.

Rural children face more health risks; most parents say their kids are healthy

Children in rural areas face more health challenges than those in urban parts of the country, and are more likely to be poor, more vulnerable to death from injuries, and more likely to use tobacco. Rural families also have more difficulty in gaining access to health care. But the majority of parents, regardless of whether they live in urban or rural communities, say their kids are healthy.

These findings are from a report entitled "The Health and Well-Being of Children in Rural Areas: A Portrait of the Nation 2007," compiled by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Health Resources and Services Administration. The report's results are based on the National Survey of Children's Health, conducted in 2007.

The survey classified children as living in an urban area, a large or well-populated rural area or a small or isolated rural area. Large rural areas include large towns with populations of 10,000 to 49,999. Small rural areas include small towns with populations of 2,500 to 9,999. Survey results were not broken down by state.

The report found children's overall health status does not vary substantially according to location. Four-fifths of parents said their children are in excellent or very good health, regardless of where they live.

But the analysis found rural children, as a whole, face more health risks than their urban counterparts. Only 67.6 percent of children in large rural areas and 69.8 percent in small rural areas are breast-fed, compared to 77 percent of urban children. (About 59 percent of new mothers breast-feed in Kentucky, compared to 75 percent nationwide.)

Rural children are also more likely to be overweight or obese — 34.6 percent of children in large rural areas and 35.2 percent in small rural areas compared to 30.9 percent of urban children. Rural children are also more likely to live with someone who smokes — one in three children in large rural areas and 35 percent in small rural areas do. Only one in five urban children do.

Though about 90 percent of children surveyed had health insurance, those in rural areas were more likely to have public coverage like Medicaid or CHIP. Urban children were more likely to have private insurance. Access to health care also remains a factor. Of the 2,052 non-metropolitan counties identified in 2010, 704 were designated as health professional shortage areas. Of those, 467 had shortages for dental care and 521 lacked adequate mental health services. To find if a Kentucky county is in a health professional shortage area, click here.

There are some advantages for rural children, however. They tend to be better protected and more connected to their families and communities. More than half of children in small rural areas shared a meal with their families every day in the past week. Children in small rural areas are also more likely to get physical activity every day (34.7 percent), though they are less likely to have access to community centers, parks or playgrounds. However, rural children are more likely to spend more than an hour each weekday watching television or videos — 60.9 percent of children in large rural areas did so, compared to 53 percent in small rural areas and 53.9 percent of urban children.

The data for the National Survey of Children's Health was generated using a random telephone survey, in which 2.8 million telephone numbers were randomly generated. After non-working and non-residential numbers were eliminated, the remaining numbers were called and surveyors spoke to respondents to see if children less than 18 years of age lived in the household. From each of those households, one child was randomly selected to be the focus of the interview and parents responded to the survey questions. Surveys were conducted in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese and Korean.

Hike in health insurance premiums due to rising health costs, not reform law, FactCheck.org concludes

Health insurance premiums for employer-sponsored family plans shot up by 9 percent from 2010 to 2011, but the bulk of the hike is due to the increase in health care costs, not the federal health-care reform law, non-partisan FactCheck.org has found.

The law is responsible for about 1 to 3 percent of the increase, however, in large part because the law requires an increase in benefits, including: covering preventive care without co-pays or deductibles; allowing adult children to stay on parents' policies until age 26; increasing annual coverage limits; and covering children regardless of preexisting conditions.

"On the other hand, the fact that the law caused any increase at all casts more doubt on Obama's promise that the law 'could save families $2,500 in the comings years.' We've been calling that claim into question for several years now," Factcheck.org stares. "The plan fact is that — so far — the law has caused an increase in premiums, though not so large an increase as some Republicans claim." (Read more)

Haven't quit smoking, lost weight? Pay more for health insurance, more companies say

In an effort to keep health-care costs down, companies across the country, including Walmart, are opting to charge workers who smoke or are obese higher premiums than their more healthy colleagues. (Reuters photo by Lucas Jackson)

The move is the follow-up to a strategy many companies have already tried: to encourage workers to take better care of their health by offering benefits like weight-loss programs or smoking-cessation classes. But with few signs of the health-care landscape changing, "They're replacing the carrot with a stick and raising costs for workers who can't seem to lower their cholesterol or tackle obesity," reports Jillian Mincer of Reuters.

One example is Walmart, which in 2012 will start charging its smoking workers higher premiums. It will also offer cessation classes. A company spokesman said people who use tobacco use about 25 percent more health-care services than people who don't: "These decisions aren't easy, but we need to balance costs and provide quality coverage."

Critics say the move will limiting people's freedoms, create employee resentment and hut the lowest-paid workers hardest. "It's not inherently wrong to hold people responsible," said Lewis Maltby, president of the National Workrights Institute. "But it's a dangerous precedent."

Though well-intentioned, these policies can create bitterness. Mark A. Rothstein, a lawyer and professor at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, said having a colleague call to ask about a person's weight loss can be seen as intrusive. That's part of the reason why the janitors at the school participate, but "the professors on campus consider it a privacy tax, so we don't get some stranger calling us about how much we weigh."

Nevertheless, many companies are moving forward with the option. In 2012, almost 40 percent of large and mid-size companies will start using penalties to control unhealthy behavior. That's up from 19 percent this year and just 8 percent in 2009, an October survey by consulting firm Towers Watson and the National Business Group on Health shows. "Nothing else has worked to control health trends," said NBGH Vice President LuAnn Heinen. "A financial incentive reduces that procrastination."

Cleveland Clinic, with a staff of 40,000, has implemented a comprehensive program and seen its health-care costs grown just 2 percent this year. "The effort began several years ago when it banned smoking at the medical center and then refused to hire smokers," Mincer writes. "It later recognized that having a gym and weight -oss classes wasn't enough to get people to participate. It made these facilities and programs free and provided lower premiums to workers who maintained their health or improved it." Paul Terpeluk, medical director of occupational health at the clinic, said employers have to develop a program and change the culture: "You don't do this overnight." (Read more)